共相之争:实在论与唯名论的千年论战

最古老的哲学问题之一 问题看似simple: “Red”(红色)exists吗? 当然!你会说—— 看,这apple是red,那rose是red 但wait—— “这apple"exists(particular thing) “那rose"exists(particular thing) 但"redness itself”(红色本身)exists吗? 作为separate from particular red things? 这是universals(共相)问题—— 引发2000+年的debate Universals问题的起源 Plato的Forms Plato首先explicit提出: 有many particular beautiful things—— 但也有Beauty Itself(美本身)—— Perfect、eternal、unchanging Form Particular things=imperfect copies of Form 他的example(《理想国》): Craftsman making beds—— Looks at Form of Bed(in realm of Forms)—— Creates particular bed(imperfect copy) 所以: Universals(Forms)exist—— In separate realm—— More real than particulars Aristotle的批评 Aristotle反对Plato: Forms不在separate realm—— 而在particular things中 “Horse-ness”(马性)—— 存在于particular horses—— Not in heaven of Forms ...

March 16, 2012 at 12:00 AM

奥卡姆剃刀:威廉的简约革命

“Entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity” 这句话—— Famous as “Ockham’s Razor”(奥卡姆剃刀)—— 虽然William of Ockham(约1287-1347)never exactly说过这exact words—— 但captures他的philosophical spirit perfectly Principle of parsimony(简约原则): 不要假设more entities than necessary to explain something 这revolutionize medieval philosophy—— 并continue影响科学到今天 生平:反叛的修士 早年 出生于Ockham(英格兰Surrey)—— 故名William of Ockham 年轻时加入Franciscans(方济各会) 在Oxford学习和教学(约1310-1319) Academic career interrupted 从未获得master’s degree in theology—— 虽然完成了studies 为什么? 他的teachings被指控heretical—— 1324:被召到Avignon(教宗驻地)—— 面对charges 在Avignon四年—— Writings examined—— 但从未正式condemned Political conflict 在Avignon时—— 卷入Franciscan poverty争议: Franciscans believe: Christ和apostles owned nothing—— Absolute poverty=ideal ...

March 15, 2012 at 12:00 AM