共相之争:实在论与唯名论的千年论战
最古老的哲学问题之一 问题看似simple: “Red”(红色)exists吗? 当然!你会说—— 看,这apple是red,那rose是red 但wait—— “这apple"exists(particular thing) “那rose"exists(particular thing) 但"redness itself”(红色本身)exists吗? 作为separate from particular red things? 这是universals(共相)问题—— 引发2000+年的debate Universals问题的起源 Plato的Forms Plato首先explicit提出: 有many particular beautiful things—— 但也有Beauty Itself(美本身)—— Perfect、eternal、unchanging Form Particular things=imperfect copies of Form 他的example(《理想国》): Craftsman making beds—— Looks at Form of Bed(in realm of Forms)—— Creates particular bed(imperfect copy) 所以: Universals(Forms)exist—— In separate realm—— More real than particulars Aristotle的批评 Aristotle反对Plato: Forms不在separate realm—— 而在particular things中 “Horse-ness”(马性)—— 存在于particular horses—— Not in heaven of Forms ...