火刑堆上的哲学家

Giordano Bruno(1548-1600)

February 17, 1600——

Campo de’ Fiori广场,Rome

被绑在stake上——

舌头locked(防止他speak)——

活活burned

罪名:heresy

他的"crimes":

  • 否认transubstantiation(圣餐变体)
  • 质疑Virgin Birth
  • 主张宇宙infinite
  • 相信countless worlds
  • 泛神论tendencies

他拒绝recant——

Facing inquisitors说:

“Perhaps you who pronounce my sentence are in greater fear than I who receive it.”

死时:

Silent(因为tongue locked)——

但eyes据说burning with defiance

Today,在那广场——

有他的statue

Symbol of:

Thought的freedom——

对抗dogma

生平:从修士到异端

早年

出生于Nola(near Naples)

故sometimes called “the Nolan”

1565(17岁):加入Dominican order

Take name Giordano(俗名Filippo)

在Naples修道院——

Study Aristotle、Aquinas

但also secret读:

  • Hermetic texts
  • Neoplatonism
  • Nicholas of Cusa
  • Copernicus(newly published)

很快有trouble:

被怀疑heterodox views

Remove pictures of saints from cell——

只留crucifix

Wandering years

1576:Leave order(flee,actually)

Under suspicion of heresy

开始nearly 20年wandering:

Geneva(但clash with Calvinists)

France(Paris、Toulouse)——

Teach、debate、write

England(1583-1585)——

Most productive period

Stay with French ambassador

Visit Oxford(disaster——被mock)

Write major cosmological works

Germany(Frankfurt、其他)

Prague

不断moving——

Always controversy跟随

Fatal return

1591:

Invitation from Venetian nobleman Giovanni Mocenigo——

Teach memory arts

Bruno accept(需要钱)——

Return to Italy

Mocenigo后来denounce Bruno to Inquisition——

(可能因为disappointed in teachings)

1592:Arrested in Venice

1593:Transferred to Rome(worse)

7年imprisonment、interrogation

1600:Final sentence——

Death by burning

无限宇宙的Vision

Bruno最radical idea:

Copernicus的问题

Copernicus(1543)propose:

Sun(不是Earth)=center of universe

Revolutionary!

但Copernicus仍assume:

Universe=finite

Sphere of fixed stars

Only one solar system

Bruno:这不够radical!

Infinite universe

Bruno宣称:

Universe=infinite in extent

无边界、无中心

无数stars

每个star=sun

每个sun有planets

每个planet可能inhabited!

Countless worlds

这是astonishing leap——

From Copernicus’s heliocentric universe——

To infinite、pluralistic cosmos

哪里来这idea?

不是from observation(no telescope yet)

而是philosophical reasoning:

1. 上帝’s infinite power

Infinite God应该create infinite universe——

才配他的greatness

Finite universe=limitation on上帝

(This from Nicholas of Cusa某程度)

2. No reason for limit

为什么universe stop at某点?

空间beyond?

不合理

如果infinite space——

为什么only one solar system in infinite space?

3. 丰饶原则(Principle of Plenitude)

上帝’s creativity should fill all possibilities

Infinite worlds=manifestation of divine abundance

Implications

这vision=revolutionary:

Earth不是中心(Copernicus已说)

甚至Sun不是中心(Bruno add)

没有center——

或everywhere=center

Humanity不是special

Countless other beings可能存在

上帝’s creation=vastly larger than imagined

这挑战:

  • Aristotelian cosmos
  • Biblical geography(heaven above, hell below)
  • Human特殊地位

泛神论与上帝观

Bruno的theology=heterodox:

God和Nature

上帝=不只是transcendent Creator

而是immanent in nature

Nature=上帝’s body某种意义

上帝和universe不是two separate things——

而是one

这是pantheism(泛神论)

Or panentheism(万有在神论)?

Bruno不总是clear

但definitely非orthodox

Anima Mundi(世界灵魂)

Universe animated by universal soul

一切=alive(某种意义)

不只是inert matter

Vitalism

Stars、planets、atoms=all有life principle

Unity和multiplicity

从Nicholas of Cusa:

Coincidence of opposites

上帝=both unity和multiplicity

One expressed in infinite many

Many=manifestations of One

Neoplatonic emanation——

但more pantheistic

Magic和Nature

Understanding nature’s secret powers=

Accessing divine

Natural magic(不是demonic)

通过knowledge of correspondences、sympathies

Hermetic tradition

这was suspect to Church——

Border between natural magic和sorcery=blurry

记忆术(Art of Memory)

Bruno也famous for:

Classical tradition

Ancient Greeks(Simonides)develop memory techniques:

Mental"places"存store information

Renaissance revival(via medieval texts)

Bruno master和innovator

Hermetic memory

Bruno用memory theater不只是store facts——

而是:

Create mental cosmos

通过magical symbols、correspondences

Ordering mind=ordering universe

Microcosm mirrors macrocosm

Memory成为spiritual、magical practice

这是why Mocenigo想learn from Bruno——

Expect practical memory technique

但Bruno teach metaphysical system

Disappointing!

Philosophy的其他方面

Coincidence of opposites

从Nicholas of Cusa:

在infinite,contraries unite

Minimum和maximum=same

Circle with infinite radius=straight line

Bruno extend这到ethics、theology

变化与恒定

一切在flux(Heraclitus)

但underlying unity(Parmenides)

Both true

Atoms

Revival of atomism(Democritus、Lucretius)

最小particles

Combine into all things

但Bruno的atoms=alive(vs purely mechanical)

Bruno vs Contemporaries

vs Aristotelians

Reject finite cosmos

Reject elements理论

Reject teleology(certain aspects)

vs Church

Obviously conflict

Orthodoxy require:

  • Finite universe
  • Earth special(redemption发生这里)
  • Literal reading of certain Scripture

Bruno challenge all

vs Galileo(稍后)

Interesting对比:

两者都support Copernicus

但:

Bruno=philosophical、speculative

Galileo=empirical、observational

Bruno因infinite universe被burn

Galileo(后来)因heliocentrism被condemn——

但submit、recant、survive(house arrest)

Different temperaments

为什么被Burn?

具体charges:

1. Theological heresies

否认Trinity(某种意义)

否认transubstantiation

质疑Virgin Birth、Christ’s divinity(certain aspects)

这是core doctrines

2. 宇宙学

Infinite worlds

No special place for Earth

这挑战Biblical cosmology

3. 泛神论

上帝和nature合一?

Deny transcendent God?

Heretical

4. Magic

Hermetic practices

Suspicious of sorcery

5. Obstinacy

Refuse recant

Inquisition给机会——

多次

他拒绝

这seal fate

如果他recant(like Galileo later)——

Might survive

但Bruno:

Principle over survival

Legacy

Martyr for science?

19-20世纪:

Bruno celebrated as martyr for scientific freedom

Against religious obscurantism

Statue in Rome(1889)——

Controversy(Church oppose)

Symbol of secularism、free thought

But complex

Bruno不是scientist(modern sense)

不做experiments、observations

He的infinite universe=philosophical speculation——

Not empirical

He的reasons混合:

  • Neoplatonism
  • Hermeticism
  • Magic
  • 某些sound reasoning

现代科学会reject many他的ideas——

(Living stars、world soul、magic)

但accept infinite universe、many worlds

所以:

Partly right for partly wrong reasons?

Influence on philosophy

Leibniz读他

Spinoza的pantheism可能influenced?

Schelling、German Romantics

Process philosophy某些ideas

批评

1. Reckless?

Return to Italy=foolish

Knew danger

Could have stayed safer地方

Stubbornness cost life

2. Confused?

Mix philosophy、magic、theology unclearly

不是rigorous system

Certain contradictions

3. Arrogant?

Contemptuous of opponents

Combative

Made unnecessary enemies

4. Hermeticism misguided

基于forged texts(though他不知道)

Later scholarship show Hermetic corpus=late antique forgery——

Not ancient Egyptian wisdom

Bruno的foundation=shaky

现代意义

1. 思想自由

Bruno代表:

Right to think、speak freely

Even heterodox ideas

Martyrdom for intellectual freedom

今天仍relevant

2. 宇宙的无限性

现代cosmology confirm:

Universe vastly larger than Renaissance imagined

Possibly infinite

Billions of galaxies

Exoplanets everywhere

Bruno’s vision=vindicated(某种意义)

虽然he的reasoning不同

3. 人类的位置

Copernican revolution

Darwinian revolution

一系列"decentering"

人类不是cosmic center

Bruno foresee这

4. Limits of authority

Who决定truth?

Church?State?

Or individual reason、inquiry?

Bruno代表:

Truth不是decreed——

而是discovered

实践思考

1. Courage of conviction

Bruno refuse compromise principle

这admirable——

但also:

When是stubbornness,when是integrity?

Difficult line

2. Wonder at cosmos

Bruno’s awe at infinite universe

今天we know even more vastness

Maintain that wonder

3. Question orthodoxy

但also:

不是all heterodoxy=true

Bruno wrong about很多

Critical thinking,not just rebellion

4. 整合知识?

Bruno try synthesize everything

Admirable impulse——

但method problematic

How integrate without confusion?

February 1600——

Rome广场——

火焰rising

Bruno——

Silent(tongue locked)

但mind maybe free

Thinking perhaps——

Of infinite stars——

Infinite worlds——

All alive——

All expressing——

One divine reality

他的body burn——

但他的vision——

Survives

我们现在know:

Countless stars——

Countless planets——

Universe inconceivably vast

Bruno saw这——

Through mind’s eye——

Before telescope

他paid——

With life

Was it worth?

他apparently thought so

Facing judges——

无畏

“Greater fear”——

在those who sentence——

Than in他——

Who receives

这courage——

这vision——

这freedom——

This is Bruno’s legacy

不是perfect philosopher——

但brave soul

Reaching toward——

Infinite