火刑堆上的哲学家
Giordano Bruno(1548-1600)
February 17, 1600——
Campo de’ Fiori广场,Rome
被绑在stake上——
舌头locked(防止他speak)——
活活burned
罪名:heresy
他的"crimes":
- 否认transubstantiation(圣餐变体)
- 质疑Virgin Birth
- 主张宇宙infinite
- 相信countless worlds
- 泛神论tendencies
他拒绝recant——
Facing inquisitors说:
“Perhaps you who pronounce my sentence are in greater fear than I who receive it.”
死时:
Silent(因为tongue locked)——
但eyes据说burning with defiance
Today,在那广场——
有他的statue
Symbol of:
Thought的freedom——
对抗dogma
生平:从修士到异端
早年
出生于Nola(near Naples)
故sometimes called “the Nolan”
1565(17岁):加入Dominican order
Take name Giordano(俗名Filippo)
在Naples修道院——
Study Aristotle、Aquinas
但also secret读:
- Hermetic texts
- Neoplatonism
- Nicholas of Cusa
- Copernicus(newly published)
很快有trouble:
被怀疑heterodox views
Remove pictures of saints from cell——
只留crucifix
Wandering years
1576:Leave order(flee,actually)
Under suspicion of heresy
开始nearly 20年wandering:
Geneva(但clash with Calvinists)
France(Paris、Toulouse)——
Teach、debate、write
England(1583-1585)——
Most productive period
Stay with French ambassador
Visit Oxford(disaster——被mock)
Write major cosmological works
Germany(Frankfurt、其他)
Prague
不断moving——
Always controversy跟随
Fatal return
1591:
Invitation from Venetian nobleman Giovanni Mocenigo——
Teach memory arts
Bruno accept(需要钱)——
Return to Italy
Mocenigo后来denounce Bruno to Inquisition——
(可能因为disappointed in teachings)
1592:Arrested in Venice
1593:Transferred to Rome(worse)
7年imprisonment、interrogation
1600:Final sentence——
Death by burning
无限宇宙的Vision
Bruno最radical idea:
Copernicus的问题
Copernicus(1543)propose:
Sun(不是Earth)=center of universe
Revolutionary!
但Copernicus仍assume:
Universe=finite
Sphere of fixed stars
Only one solar system
Bruno:这不够radical!
Infinite universe
Bruno宣称:
Universe=infinite in extent
无边界、无中心
无数stars
每个star=sun
每个sun有planets
每个planet可能inhabited!
Countless worlds
这是astonishing leap——
From Copernicus’s heliocentric universe——
To infinite、pluralistic cosmos
哪里来这idea?
不是from observation(no telescope yet)
而是philosophical reasoning:
1. 上帝’s infinite power
Infinite God应该create infinite universe——
才配他的greatness
Finite universe=limitation on上帝
(This from Nicholas of Cusa某程度)
2. No reason for limit
为什么universe stop at某点?
空间beyond?
不合理
如果infinite space——
为什么only one solar system in infinite space?
3. 丰饶原则(Principle of Plenitude)
上帝’s creativity should fill all possibilities
Infinite worlds=manifestation of divine abundance
Implications
这vision=revolutionary:
Earth不是中心(Copernicus已说)
甚至Sun不是中心(Bruno add)
没有center——
或everywhere=center
Humanity不是special
Countless other beings可能存在
上帝’s creation=vastly larger than imagined
这挑战:
- Aristotelian cosmos
- Biblical geography(heaven above, hell below)
- Human特殊地位
泛神论与上帝观
Bruno的theology=heterodox:
God和Nature
上帝=不只是transcendent Creator
而是immanent in nature
Nature=上帝’s body某种意义
上帝和universe不是two separate things——
而是one
这是pantheism(泛神论)
Or panentheism(万有在神论)?
Bruno不总是clear
但definitely非orthodox
Anima Mundi(世界灵魂)
Universe animated by universal soul
一切=alive(某种意义)
不只是inert matter
Vitalism
Stars、planets、atoms=all有life principle
Unity和multiplicity
从Nicholas of Cusa:
Coincidence of opposites
上帝=both unity和multiplicity
One expressed in infinite many
Many=manifestations of One
Neoplatonic emanation——
但more pantheistic
Magic和Nature
Understanding nature’s secret powers=
Accessing divine
Natural magic(不是demonic)
通过knowledge of correspondences、sympathies
Hermetic tradition
这was suspect to Church——
Border between natural magic和sorcery=blurry
记忆术(Art of Memory)
Bruno也famous for:
Classical tradition
Ancient Greeks(Simonides)develop memory techniques:
Mental"places"存store information
Renaissance revival(via medieval texts)
Bruno master和innovator
Hermetic memory
Bruno用memory theater不只是store facts——
而是:
Create mental cosmos
通过magical symbols、correspondences
Ordering mind=ordering universe
Microcosm mirrors macrocosm
Memory成为spiritual、magical practice
这是why Mocenigo想learn from Bruno——
Expect practical memory technique
但Bruno teach metaphysical system
Disappointing!
Philosophy的其他方面
Coincidence of opposites
从Nicholas of Cusa:
在infinite,contraries unite
Minimum和maximum=same
Circle with infinite radius=straight line
Bruno extend这到ethics、theology
变化与恒定
一切在flux(Heraclitus)
但underlying unity(Parmenides)
Both true
Atoms
Revival of atomism(Democritus、Lucretius)
最小particles
Combine into all things
但Bruno的atoms=alive(vs purely mechanical)
Bruno vs Contemporaries
vs Aristotelians
Reject finite cosmos
Reject elements理论
Reject teleology(certain aspects)
vs Church
Obviously conflict
Orthodoxy require:
- Finite universe
- Earth special(redemption发生这里)
- Literal reading of certain Scripture
Bruno challenge all
vs Galileo(稍后)
Interesting对比:
两者都support Copernicus
但:
Bruno=philosophical、speculative
Galileo=empirical、observational
Bruno因infinite universe被burn
Galileo(后来)因heliocentrism被condemn——
但submit、recant、survive(house arrest)
Different temperaments
为什么被Burn?
具体charges:
1. Theological heresies
否认Trinity(某种意义)
否认transubstantiation
质疑Virgin Birth、Christ’s divinity(certain aspects)
这是core doctrines
2. 宇宙学
Infinite worlds
No special place for Earth
这挑战Biblical cosmology
3. 泛神论
上帝和nature合一?
Deny transcendent God?
Heretical
4. Magic
Hermetic practices
Suspicious of sorcery
5. Obstinacy
Refuse recant
Inquisition给机会——
多次
他拒绝
这seal fate
如果他recant(like Galileo later)——
Might survive
但Bruno:
Principle over survival
Legacy
Martyr for science?
19-20世纪:
Bruno celebrated as martyr for scientific freedom
Against religious obscurantism
Statue in Rome(1889)——
Controversy(Church oppose)
Symbol of secularism、free thought
But complex
Bruno不是scientist(modern sense)
不做experiments、observations
He的infinite universe=philosophical speculation——
Not empirical
He的reasons混合:
- Neoplatonism
- Hermeticism
- Magic
- 某些sound reasoning
现代科学会reject many他的ideas——
(Living stars、world soul、magic)
但accept infinite universe、many worlds
所以:
Partly right for partly wrong reasons?
Influence on philosophy
Leibniz读他
Spinoza的pantheism可能influenced?
Schelling、German Romantics
Process philosophy某些ideas
批评
1. Reckless?
Return to Italy=foolish
Knew danger
Could have stayed safer地方
Stubbornness cost life
2. Confused?
Mix philosophy、magic、theology unclearly
不是rigorous system
Certain contradictions
3. Arrogant?
Contemptuous of opponents
Combative
Made unnecessary enemies
4. Hermeticism misguided
基于forged texts(though他不知道)
Later scholarship show Hermetic corpus=late antique forgery——
Not ancient Egyptian wisdom
Bruno的foundation=shaky
现代意义
1. 思想自由
Bruno代表:
Right to think、speak freely
Even heterodox ideas
Martyrdom for intellectual freedom
今天仍relevant
2. 宇宙的无限性
现代cosmology confirm:
Universe vastly larger than Renaissance imagined
Possibly infinite
Billions of galaxies
Exoplanets everywhere
Bruno’s vision=vindicated(某种意义)
虽然he的reasoning不同
3. 人类的位置
Copernican revolution
Darwinian revolution
一系列"decentering"
人类不是cosmic center
Bruno foresee这
4. Limits of authority
Who决定truth?
Church?State?
Or individual reason、inquiry?
Bruno代表:
Truth不是decreed——
而是discovered
实践思考
1. Courage of conviction
Bruno refuse compromise principle
这admirable——
但also:
When是stubbornness,when是integrity?
Difficult line
2. Wonder at cosmos
Bruno’s awe at infinite universe
今天we know even more vastness
Maintain that wonder
3. Question orthodoxy
但also:
不是all heterodoxy=true
Bruno wrong about很多
Critical thinking,not just rebellion
4. 整合知识?
Bruno try synthesize everything
Admirable impulse——
但method problematic
How integrate without confusion?
February 1600——
Rome广场——
火焰rising
Bruno——
Silent(tongue locked)
但mind maybe free
Thinking perhaps——
Of infinite stars——
Infinite worlds——
All alive——
All expressing——
One divine reality
他的body burn——
但他的vision——
Survives
我们现在know:
Countless stars——
Countless planets——
Universe inconceivably vast
Bruno saw这——
Through mind’s eye——
Before telescope
他paid——
With life
Was it worth?
他apparently thought so
Facing judges——
无畏
“Greater fear”——
在those who sentence——
Than in他——
Who receives
这courage——
这vision——
这freedom——
This is Bruno’s legacy
不是perfect philosopher——
但brave soul
Reaching toward——
Infinite