两个翅膀
教宗John Paul II(1998):
“Faith and reason are like two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth.”
这image captures Aquinas的vision:
信仰和理性不是opponents——
而是partners in pursuit of truth
但如何exactly reconcile它们?
这是Aquinas’s project的core
历史背景:冲突的危险
13世纪的crisis
Aquinas生活的时代——
European universities刚rediscovered Aristotle——
通过Arabic translations
问题:
Aristotle的某些doctrines似乎contradict Christian faith:
- 世界是eternal(not created in time)
- No individual immortality(unity of intellect)
- No divine providence for individuals(上帝只知universals)
这导致tensions:
Conservative reaction
一些church authorities want:
Ban Aristotle completely——
Philosophy=危险to faith
回到Augustine和Platonism
Example:
University of Paris多次禁止teach Aristotle(1210、1215)
“Averroist” challenge
一些Paris masters(如Siger of Brabant):
Accept Aristotle完全——
即使contradicts faith
Claim:
“Philosophically true,but theologically false”——
Alleged"double truth"
这令church horrified
Aquinas的third way
既不ban Aristotle——
也不accept contradictions——
而是:
Careful integration:
- Aristotle哲学=largely true和useful
- 但需要corrections和supplements where necessary
- Faith和reason ultimately harmonious(因为both from上帝)
这是bold、sophisticated synthesis
区分哲学与神学
Aquinas carefully distinguish:
Philosophy(Philosophia)
Source:
Human reason reflecting on natural experience
Method:
Demonstration from self-evident principles或observed facts
Domain:
What reason can discover:
- 上帝exists(Five Ways)
- 上帝’s attributes(power、wisdom、goodness)
- Immortality of soul
- Natural law ethics
- Metaphysics、physics
Certainty:
Demonstrative(when properly reasoned)
Accessibility:
所有rational人can access
Sacred Theology(Sacra Doctrina)
Source:
Divine revelation(Bible、Church tradition)
Method:
Reflection on revealed truths——
用reason解释和develop
Domain:
What reason alone不能discover:
- Trinity(三位一体)
- Incarnation(道成肉身)
- Grace和salvation的details
- Sacraments
- Resurrection of the body
Certainty:
Based on faith in上帝’s revelation——
More certain than reason(因为上帝infallible)
Accessibility:
需要faith——
Grace的gift
三类真理
Aquinas区分truths into三categories:
1. Purely Rational Truths
Can be known by reason alone:
- Mathematical truths(2+2=4)
- Logical principles(non-contradiction)
- Natural science facts
- Some philosophical truths(如substance、causation)
不需要faith for these
Philosophy的domain
2. Mixed Truths(Preambles of Faith)
Can be known by reason——
但also revealed by faith:
例:
上帝exists
- 可证明by reason(Five Ways)
- Also revealed in Bible
上帝is one
- Philosophically demonstrable
- Also revealed(Shema:“Hear O Israel,the Lord is One”)
Soul is immortal
- Philosophical arguments
- Also faith teaching
为什么reveal这些if reason can know?
Aquinas’s reasons:
1. Not所有人能做好philosophical reasoning
大多数人:
- Lack time(忙于谋生)
- Lack training
- Lack intelligence
启示make这些truths accessible to all
2. Reason can err
即使philosophers often disagree
启示provides certainty
3. Saves time
可以immediately accept——
不需要years of study
这是divine pedagogy:
上帝accommodate human limitations
3. Purely Revealed Truths(Mysteries of Faith)
超越reason’s capacity——
只能通过revelation know:
例:
Trinity(三位一体)
- 一个上帝,三个位格
- Reason can’t prove this
- Not contradictory(Aquinas argue)——但mystery
Incarnation
- 上帝成为人
- 神性和人性united in Christ
- Surpasses reason
Transubstantiation
- Bread和wine→Christ’s body and blood
- Substance changes,accidents remain
- Mystery
这些:
- Not provable by reason
- Not understandable fully
- But not contradictory(Aquinas maintain)
- Accepted on faith
理性在神学中的角色
即使theology based on revelation——
理性仍有important role:
1. 证明前提(Prove Preambles)
Demonstrate truths that faith presupposes:
如上帝exists、上帝has certain attributes
这是natural theology
2. 阐明(Clarify)
用reason解释revealed truths:
例:
Trinity虽然mystery——
可以用analogies帮助理解:
- Psychological analogy(memory、understanding、will)
- Social analogy(three persons in communion)
不是prove Trinity——
而是make less opaque
3. 推演(Deduce)
从revealed principles推出conclusions:
如果accept Trinity和Incarnation——
可以deduce Christology的aspects
4. 反驳异议(Answer Objections)
Show反对faith的arguments不是conclusive:
不necessarily prove faith——
但show it’s not irrational
Example:
Objection:“Evil exists,所以all-good God不存在”
Aquinas show这argument not conclusive——
通过theodicy(evil as privation、free will defense)
5. 运用类比(Use Analogy)
理性语言applied to上帝——
不是univocally(同一意义)——
不是equivocally(完全不同意义)——
而是analogically(类比地)
例:
“上帝is wise”
不同于"Socrates is wise"——
但有真实similarity
当理性和启示似乎冲突
如果apparent contradiction?
Aquinas’s approach:
Principle
真理不能矛盾真理:
“Since faith rests upon infallible truth, and since the contrary of a truth can never be demonstrated, it is clear that the arguments brought against faith cannot be demonstrations, but are difficulties that can be answered.”
意思:
真正的reason和true faith不会conflict——
因为both来自same source(上帝)
如果seem to conflict:
- 要么reason犯错(bad argument)
- 要么misunderstand revelation
- 要么two things在talk about不同aspects
Strategy
1. Re-examine the reasoning
Philosophical argument真的sound吗?
例:
Aristotle argue eternal world——
Aquinas examine arguments——
Conclude:not demonstrative(not conclusive)
Eternal world=philosophically possible——
But not provable
所以no conflict with faith(creation in time)
2. Re-interpret revelation
Scripture的literal sense always true——
但有时应allegorically read
例:
“上帝has hands”(literal=false)
理解为上帝’s power(allegorical=true)
3. Recognize limits of reason
Some truths超越reason——
但不contrary to reason
Mystery≠contradiction
例:
Trinity超越reason(can’t prove)——
But Aquinas argue not contradictory:
- One in essence
- Three in persons
- Different aspects,no real contradiction
Autonomy of Philosophy?
微妙question:
Philosophy独立于theology吗?
Aquinas的position
Yes and no:
Yes:
- Philosophy has its own principles(reason、experience)
- Own methods(demonstration)
- Own domain(natural truths)
- Can make progress without theology
No:
- Philosophy不能contradict faith(如果does,is wrong)
- Theology can correct philosophy’s errors
- Philosophy’s ultimate purpose=serve theology(“handmaid”)
- 最高真理(上帝)需要revelation
所以:
Relative autonomy——
Philosophy有自己的sphere——
但ultimately subordinate to theology
This balance=difficult to maintain
Later thinkers会challenge it
与其他models比较
vs Augustine
Augustine:
“Credo ut intelligam”(信以便理解)
Faith first→then understanding
More Platonic——
理性illuminated by divine light
Less confidence in unaided reason
Aquinas:
More confidence in natural reason——
Can reach some truths independently
More Aristotelian
但also:“Intellige ut credas”(理解以便信)——
Reason prepares for faith
vs Averroes
Averroes(alleged):
“Double truth”——
Philosophy和theology can contradict——
Both true in different domains
Aquinas:
Absolutely reject this——
Truth is one——
No genuine contradictions between reason和revelation
vs Luther(later)
Luther(16世纪Protestant reformer):
理性=“whore of the devil"when applied to faith——
Reason corrupted by sin——
只有faith和Scripture
Aquinas:
理性虽然limited——
但not corrupted beyond use——
Can know真理(including about上帝)
vs Kant(later)
Kant(18世纪):
区分:
- Theoretical reason(知识)=limited to experience
- Practical reason(道德)=can postulate上帝
不能prove上帝theoretically
Aquinas:
Theoretical reason can prove上帝(Five Ways)
More optimistic about metaphysics
比较东西方
vs 禅宗
禅宗:
“不立文字”——
直接体悟,超越理性和语言
Aquinas:
理性和语言can reach真理——
虽然imperfectly when about上帝
但两者也有共鸣:
Aquinas also acknowledge:
上帝ultimately超越concepts——
我们的knowledge=analogical,不完全
vs 朱熹
朱熹(Neo-Confucian):
“格物致知”——
Investigation of things→知识
理性和empirical study
类似Aquinas’s confidence in reason
但difference:
朱熹less distinction between"natural"和"revealed”——
儒家没有revelation概念(as Christians understand)
现代意义
1. Science and religion
Aquinas’s model offer framework:
科学=investigation of natural world(philosophy’s domain)
宗教=revealed truths about ultimate meaning
如果well done,no conflict——
因为study different aspects或levels
但challenge:
Modern science越来越explain without上帝——
“上帝of the gaps"越来越小
Aquinas可能回应:
科学explain how things work——
不explain why there is anything at all——
或why laws of nature exist
2. Fideism vs rationalism
Extremes to avoid:
Fideism:
只要faith,理性irrelevant or危险
(某些fundamentalisms)
Rationalism:
只要reason,faith=superstition
(某些new atheism)
Aquinas’s via media:
Both have role——
Faith和reason complement
这appeals to many seeking balance
3. Interfaith dialogue
Aquinas’s natural theology——
基于reason alone——
提供common ground:
不同faiths can dialogue基于:
- Shared rational principles
- 自然law
- Philosophical arguments
不是从particular scriptures开始——
而是从shared humanity和reason
4. Intellectualfaith
Aquinas shows:
Faith不require intellectual suicide——
可以be intellectually responsible
“Faith seeking understanding”——
用mind serve信仰
这appeals to educated believers——
Want integrate faith和learning
批评
1. 过于乐观?
Aquinas可能太confident——
About理性能reach的truths:
现代哲学more skeptical about:
- Metaphysics(Kant)
- Proofs for上帝(多数philosophers reject)
- Natural law(diversity of ethics)
理性的power=more limited than Aquinas thought?
2. Theology dominant?
虽然说philosophy autonomous——
实际上theology has final word
如果philosophy contradicts faith→philosophy wrong
这真的是autonomy吗?
还是只是表面的?
3. Mysteries as contradictions?
Aquinas claim Trinity等不是contradictory——
只是mysterious
Critics:
这distinction unclear——
Sounds like contradiction但call it"mystery”
如何distinguish真正mystery from logical impossibility?
4. Faith and reason不对等?
Aquinas说faith more certain than reason——
因为基于上帝
但这presupposes上帝exists和revealed——
这本身需要reason or faith establish
Circular?
实践
1. 你的knowledge sources
Check你获取beliefs的途径:
- 哪些通过理性推理?
- 哪些通过authority/tradition?
- 哪些通过personal experience?
- 哪些通过faith?
它们如何interact?
有冲突吗?
2. 当reason和faith张力
如果你experience apparent conflict:
Aquinas’s advice:
- Don’t immediately abandon either
- Examine carefully both sides
- Look for misunderstanding
- Recognize possible limits
- Seek deeper integration
Hasty rejection=premature
3. Intellectual humility
Aquinas’s model require:
Humility about理性:
承认limits(不能prove一切)
Humility about faith:
承认mysteries(不能fully understand)
但confidence:
Truth is one——
Ultimately harmonious
4. Dialogue across divides
用Aquinas’s framework:
在dialogue with others:
Start with共同的rational ground——
Natural law、philosophical arguments
Build trust——
然后may discuss faith differences
两个翅膀——
信仰与理性——
Aquinas教我们:
不是choose one——
而是let both升
Together——
Toward truth
每个有自己的力量——
每个有自己的限制——
但together?
可以fly higher——
Than either alone
你更倾向哪个wing?
理性还是信仰?
Aquinas would say:
Don’t choose——
Use both