最深刻的区分

在所有metaphysical distinctions中——

可能没有比这更fundamental的:

Essence(本质)vs Existence(存在)

Aquinas从Avicenna那里receive这distinction——

但发展成他自己的sophisticated theory——

成为他metaphysics的cornerstone。

这听起来abstract——

但implications深远:

  • 如何理解reality的structure
  • 上帝和creatures的difference
  • 为什么有something而不是nothing

What is Essence?

Essence(essentia)=

What a thing is(一个事物"是什么")

The “what-ness”(quidditas)of a thing

也叫nature(本性)

Examples:

人的essence=rational animal(理性动物)

  • This is what makes人是人
  • 不是particular features(高矮、肤色等)
  • 而是defining characteristics

Triangle的essence=three-sided figure

Gold的essence=atomic number 79

Essence=回答question “What is it?”

Essence的特点

1. Abstractable(可抽象)

Can be conceived离开particular instances:

  • “人性”(humanity)作为universal
  • Can think about it不reference specific人

2. Definable(可定义)

Can be expressed in definition

通过genus(属)+ specific difference(种差):

  • 人=动物(genus)+ 理性(difference)

3. Shared(可共享)

同一essence can be in多个individuals:

  • Socrates和Plato=同样的human essence
  • Though different individuals

4. Neutral to existence

Essence本身不tell us whether thing exists:

我can know unicorn的essence(what it would be)

Without knowing whether unicorns exist

What is Existence?

Existence(esse)=

That a thing is(一个事物"存在")

The “that-ness” or actuality of being

Examples:

This specific human exists(活着)

Socrates existed(过去存在)

Unicorns don’t exist(不存在)

Existence=回答question “Does it exist?”

Existence的特点

1. Act(现实、活动)

Aquinas:existence是actuality——

最根本的actuality——

使一切其他actualities possible

Essence=potency(潜能)

Existence=act that actualizes essence

2. Not part of essence

Existence不是essence的component——

不像"rational"是human essence的part

而是added to essence——

使essence be real

3. 不能被定义

Existence本身无法define——

因为definition=give essence——

但existence不是essence!

只能be grasped直接(immediately)

4. 个别化

Existence ties essence to particularity:

“Human”(essence)=universal

“This existing human”=particular

本质与存在的区分

Aquinas的核心claim:

In all created beings——

Essence和existence是really distinct(实在区分)

不同于merely conceptual distinction(概念区分)

Real distinction

不只是我们思维中的区分——

而是reality本身的区分:

Essence和existence=两个principles——

Two components of created beings

就像matter和form=两个principles

Evidence:

1. Separability in thought

我can conceive essence without existence:

知道"人是什么"(essence)

不knowing是否某particular人exists

2. Causal explanation

为什么这essence存在?

不是从essence本身——

(unicorn的essence不cause它exist)

而是from external cause

3. Contingency

Created beings可能不存在——

它们的essence不necessitate existence

所以existence=added,not inherent

Composition(组合)

Created beings=composite of:

Essence(潜能)+ Existence(现实)

就像:

Matter(潜能)+ Form(现实)= substance

但essence-existence composition更fundamental:

Even pure forms(angels)有这composition

只有上帝no composition

上帝:Essence IS Existence

上帝uniquely different:

在上帝,essence=existence

上帝的本质就是存在本身

(Ipsum Esse Subsistens=Subsistent Being Itself)

意义

1. Necessary existence

上帝不是might-not-exist——

上帝’s very nature=to exist

Impossibility of non-existence

2. No composition

上帝absolutely simple——

No parts:

  • No essence + existence
  • No matter + form
  • No accidents + substance

Pure actuality(纯现实)——

No potentiality at all

3. Self-explanatory

上帝’s existence不需要external cause——

因为existence=上帝’s very essence

上帝解释自己

4. Unlimited

Existence本身=no limits——

Limits来自essence(this kind of being,not that)

上帝=unlimited existence——

所以infinite in perfection

唯一性

只能有one being whose essence=existence:

因为:

如果有two such beings——

什么区分它们?

不能是essence(same=existence itself)

不能是accidents(no accidents in pure being)

所以只能有one上帝

Existence as Perfection

Existence本身=最fundamental perfection

为什么?

Existence使一切perfections actual

一个东西’s goodness、beauty、truth——

All depend on its existing:

A non-existent good=no good at all

所以existence=condition for一切perfections

Degrees of existence?

Aquinas有时speak of “more"或"less” being:

不是说some things更exist than others——

(你either exist or don’t)

而是:

Some beings更fully actualize existence——

More perfections、more actuality、less limitation

Hierarchy of being:

  1. 上帝:pure existence,no limits
  2. Angels:spiritual substances,limited by essence
  3. Humans:rational animals,matter + spirit
  4. Animals:sensitive soul
  5. Plants:vegetative soul
  6. Inanimate:just matter + form

Higher in hierarchy=

More actuality,less potentiality——

More perfectly participate in existence

Participation in Being

Created beings don’t “have” existence inherently——

They participate in existence——

Received from上帝

Analogy:

像objects don’t have light inherently——

They reflect light from sun

Similarly:

Creatures don’t have being inherently——

They receive being from上帝(Source of Being)

This is participation(分有):

上帝=Being Itself

Creatures=beings by participation

为什么这么重要?

1. 解释contingency

为什么有东西而不是nothing?

因为:

Essence alone不足以exist——

Needs existence added——

This requires Cause——

Ultimately上帝(whose essence=existence)

这是cosmological argument的deep foundation

2. 上帝的独特性

Essence-existence distinction——

Marks absolute difference between:

  • 上帝(essence IS existence)
  • Everything else(essence RECEIVES existence)

不是quantitative difference(bigger、more powerful)——

而是qualitative、categorical difference

上帝不是biggest creature——

而是different in kind(Being Itself)

3. Analogy of being

当我们说:

“上帝exists"和"我exist”——

“Exists"不是univocal(同一意义)——

因为:

  • 上帝’s existence=uncreated、necessary、infinite
  • 我的existence=created、contingent、finite

但also不是equivocal(完全不同意义)——

因为两者都是真的existence

而是analogical(类比):

Related meanings——

上帝=existence primarily、perfectly

Creatures=existence derivatively、imperfectly

批评与争议

1. 是实在区分吗?

Critics(如Scotus,later会讲)argue:

Essence和existence不是real distinction——

只是conceptual(概念上的)

理由:

你不能separate them in reality——

Every actual essence has existence

Aquinas回应:

Real distinction不mean physical separability——

而是two real principles in composition

2. Existence可以是property吗?

Kant later argue(我们会讲):

Existence不是predicate/property——

“X exists”≠adding property to X——

只是saying X is instantiated

这challenge Aquinas’s treatment of existence as act?

Defenders说:

Aquinas’s esse不同于modern “existence” concept——

Esse=actuality,not predicate

3. 无限regress?**

如果created beings need上帝for existence——

Does上帝need something for existence?

Aquinas:

No,因为上帝’s essence=existence——

Self-explanatory,no external cause needed

But critic:isn’t this special pleading?

4. 过于抽象?

这distinction so abstract——

有real explanatory power吗?

还是只是conceptual gymnastics?

Defenders:

Addresses fundamental questions——

Contingency、necessity、causation——

提供deep framework for understanding reality

与其他tradition比较

vs Plato

Plato:

Forms(理念)=true reality

Particulars=imperfect copies

Essence>existence

Aquinas:

Existence=更fundamental than essence

Actual existing things=more real than abstract essences

这是Aristotelian turn:

Primacy of existence over abstract forms

vs Avicenna

Avicenna首先clear提出essence-existence distinction

Aquinas采纳——

但发展differently:

Avicenna:

Existence=accident added to essence

Aquinas:

Existence≠accident——

是substance的act(not accident)

Existence更intimately united to essence

vs Averroes

Averroes倾向:

Essence和existence=same in reality

只是conceptually different

Aquinas disagree:

Real distinction,not just conceptual

vs Eastern philosophy

佛教:

No fixed essences(无我)

一切=process,not substances with essences

Aquinas:

Substances have stable essences

Though existence=dynamic act

道家:

道=beyond essence和existence categories

不可名、不可分

Aquinas:

上帝=Being Itself——

仍可用analogical language discuss

现代relevance

1. Why is there something?

Fundamental question of metaphysics

Aquinas’s answer:

Essence alone不足——

需要existence(ultimately from上帝)

Modern physics can explain:

How universe developed——

但不能explain:

为什么有existence at all——

为什么laws of nature而不是nothing

Aquinas’s distinction提醒:

Existence itself需要解释

2. Existentialism呼应

Sartre:“Existence precedes essence”

人先exist,然后create essence(through choices)

这flip Aquinas——

但acknowledge两者的distinction!

Aquinas would say:

对creatures,essence comes first(logically)——

但existence actualizes it

3. Modal logic

现代modal logic区分:

  • Necessary vs contingent being
  • Possible vs actual worlds

Aquinas’s distinction的formal analogue:

Essence=defines what’s possible

Existence=actualizes in this world

4. Scientific realism

科学描述essences(natures、properties)——

但预设existence of things with those natures

Aquinas reminds:

Knowing what something is≠

Knowing that it is

Both questions matter

实践意义

1. Contingency awareness

你的existence不是necessary——

You might not have been

这cultivate:

  • Gratitude(for being)
  • Humility(不是self-made)
  • Wonder(why me?why anything?)

2. 区分本质与存在在思考中

When evaluating ideas、beliefs、possibilities:

问两个questions:

  1. What would it be?(essence)

    • Clarify the concept
    • Define terms
  2. Does it exist?(existence)

    • Empirical evidence
    • Reality check

不要混淆:

Clear concept≠established existence

(UFOs、conspiracy theories、theoretical entities)

3. 价值的源头

什么gives things value?

Aquinas suggest:

Existence itself=fundamental good

其他goods=perfections added to existence

所以:

Being alive=basic good

其他achievements=additional perfections

这grounds ethics in ontology(存在论)

4. 寻找source of being

If your existence不是self-explanatory——

它comes from where?

Parents?(但它们也contingent)

Universe?(also contingent)

Ultimately?

Aquinas would point to:

Being Itself——

Source of all participated being

从essence到existence——

From potency到act——

From concept到reality——

This distinction runs deep

Aquinas用它structure整个metaphysics:

解释:

  • Contingency和necessity
  • Creation和creatures
  • 上帝和world
  • Possibility和actuality

你的essence=你是什么

(Human,rational animal)

你的existence=你在

(Actually living,here,now)

前者不guarantee后者——

后者is gift,

Ultimately from

Being Itself。