两个世界的巨人
Moses Maimonides(摩西·迈蒙尼德,1138-1204)
Hebrew name:Moshe ben Maimon
Arabic name:Musa ibn Maymun
犹太传统中最伟大的哲学家和神学家——
也是中世纪最influential的思想家之一。
他的影响跨越:
- 犹太教(rabbinic authority)
- 伊斯兰世界(court physician、philosopher)
- 基督教scholasticism(Thomas Aquinas引用他)
著名说法:
“From Moses to Moses, there was none like Moses”
“从摩西(先知)到摩西(迈蒙尼德),没有人像摩西”
生平:流亡中的学者
早年
出生于Córdoba(科尔多瓦,西班牙)——
犹太社区flourishing under Muslim rule。
父亲是rabbinic scholar——
迈蒙尼德从小学习:
- Torah(律法书)
- Talmud(塔木德)
- Jewish law
- Philosophy(Aristotle通过Arabic)
- Science、medicine
流亡
1148:Almohads(强硬伊斯兰政权)占领Córdoba——
强制conversion(改信)or exile。
迈蒙尼德家庭流亡——
颠沛流离于Andalusia、North Africa。
最终settle in Fustat(Egypt,开罗附近)。
Cairo时期
成为:
- Court physician to Saladin’s vizier
- Leader of Jewish community
- Prolific writer
同时maintain:
- Medical practice(extremely busy)
- Rabbinic duties
- Philosophical writing
Famous letter describe他的exhausting schedule:
早上在court看病人——
下午骑马回家——
无数病人等待——
晚上teaching、writing。
“我躺下时几乎要死了from疲劳”——
但仍然完成monumental works。
主要著作
1. Mishneh Torah(《密西那托拉》)
Hebrew,1170-1180
Comprehensive code of Jewish law——
Organize all Talmudic law systematically。
14卷,包含all areas of Jewish life。
Accessible to普通读者——
不需要Talmud的deep知识。
Controversial因为:
Some rabbis认为太radical(simplify tradition)——
But became authoritative。
2. Guide for the Perplexed(《迷途者指南》)
Arabic:Dalālat al-Ḥā’irīn,1190
Hebrew译本:Moreh Nevukhim
Latin译本:Dux Neutrorum / Dux Perplexorum
他的philosophical masterpiece——
今天我们focus on这个。
3. Medical和scientific works
多部医学著作——
包括toxicology、asthma、hygiene。
Commentary on Mishnah(密西那注释)
Various legal responsa(法律答疑)
Guide的目标与受众
为谁写?
Not for:
- Masses(who accept tradition simply)
- Philosophers only(who might abandon tradition)
而是for:
“Perplexed”(迷途者)——
那些:
- 学了philosophy(especially Aristotle)
- 也deeply committed to Judaism
- Struggle with apparent contradictions
这些人torn between:
- Rational philosophy
- Religious tradition
迈蒙尼德offer guidance——
如何reconcile both。
方法
书是esoteric(隐晦的)——
Deliberately obscure in places。
理由:
Deep truths不应该随便给unprepared readers——
可能mislead或harm他们。
所以:
- Some passages=straightforward
- Some passages=allegorical
- Some passages=contradictory(intentionally)
- Readers must work to understand
这是protective esotericism——
类似Averroes的"三个层次"思想。
核心主题1:负面神学
如何talk about上帝?
问题
Torah describe上帝with attributes(属性):
- 上帝是wise
- 上帝是powerful
- 上帝is merciful
但:
上帝如果是infinite、perfect、simple——
How can有attributes?
Attributes=limitations——
Because:
- 说"X is wise"=区分wise from not-wise
- 暗示X could lack wisdom
Also:
Attributes=composite(复合)——
“Wise being”=being + wisdom(两个elements)
但上帝应该是absolutely simple(绝对单纯)。
Via Negativa(否定之路)
迈蒙尼德的solution:
我们can’t说上帝"是"what——
只能说上帝"不是"what。
Negative theology:
上帝不是:
- 无知(so in some sense “知”)
- 无力(so in some sense “能”)
- 残酷(so in some sense “慈”)
但这不等于:
上帝"有"wisdom、power、mercy as properties。
而是:
上帝超越这些categories——
我们只能通过否定approach。
Example
说"上帝exists":
不是说上帝像我们exist(有existence as property)——
而是否定non-existence。
说"上帝is one":
不是说上帝有unity as property——
而是否定multiplicity。
Every positive statement=really negative:
“The most apt phrase concerning the Creator is to say that He is exalted above every kind of deficiency.”
最接近的描述=
上帝超越一切缺陷(不是说上帝"有"perfections)。
沉默的智慧
Ultimately:
最好的way to speak of上帝=
Silence。
Language inadequate——
Even negative language。
真正的知识=知道我们不能知道上帝’s essence。
这是learned ignorance(有学问的无知)——
Later Nicolas of Cusa会发展similar idea。
核心主题2:预言
预言(prophecy)是什么?
传统view
Prophet=上帝chosen messenger——
上帝speak to prophets——
他们receive direct revelation。
Purely divine gift——
Not related to prophet’s qualities。
迈蒙尼德’s philosophical account
预言=natural process——
Result of:
1. Intellectual perfection
Prophet must have highly developed intellect——
通过philosophical study达到highest knowledge。
2. Imaginative perfection
Strong、pure imagination——
能translate abstract truths into concrete images、symbols。
3. Moral perfection
Virtuous character。
Process:
Active Intellect(主动理智,像Ibn Sina)→
Overflow to prophet’s intellect(理性)→
Then to imagination(想象)→
产生visions、dreams、symbolic experiences。
So:
预言不是arbitrary divine intervention——
而是natural culmination of intellectual和moral development。
摩西的独特性
但Moses=special case——
唯一prophet who:
- Received prophecy while fully awake(not in dream/vision)
- Direct、clear knowledge(not through symbols)
- “Face to face” with上帝
Moses’s prophecy=different in kind——
All other prophets=type of Moses,但less perfect。
Miracles
迈蒙尼德generally naturalistic——
尽量explain miracles自然地:
Many “miracles”=natural events——
Seem miraculous因为timing、context。
例:
Red Sea parting=strong wind(natural)——
但occurs exactly when needed(providential timing)。
Some miracles可能pre-programmed in creation——
Built into nature’s structure from beginning。
核心主题3:创造vs永恒
宇宙有beginning in time吗?
Aristotle
宇宙是eternal——
没有first moment。
Philosophically provable。
Torah
“In the beginning, God created…”
明确说creation有start。
迈蒙尼德的分析
他carefully examine both sides:
Arguments for eternity(Aristotle):
- 从nothing不能来something
- Time本身需要pre-existing time(infinite regress)
- Change需要prior change(infinite regress)
Arguments for creation(Torah):
- 上帝’s free will(能choose to create)
- 宇宙的contingency(could not-exist)
- Particularities in nature(seem designed)
结论:
Philosophically:
Neither eternity nor creation is demonstrable(可证明的)——
Arguments on both sides=不decisive。
所以:
We accept creation on basis of Torah——
Not因为philosophical proof——
而是因为:
- Torah’s authority
- Creation more compatible with free will、providence
- Eternity not proven(so no conflict with reason)
这是subtle position:
不是"faith against reason"——
而是"faith where reason is indecisive"。
核心主题4:恶与天命
如果上帝是all-good和all-powerful——
为什么evil exists?
类型的恶
迈蒙尼德distinguish三种:
1. Natural evils(自然之恶)
疾病、自然灾害、death from natural causes
原因:
Matter的nature——
Matter=imperfect、corruptible。
这不是上帝’s evil intent——
而是material world的necessary limitation。
(类似奥古斯丁:evil as privation)
2. Evils人加于人
战争、oppression、violence
原因:
人的free will misuse——
Lack of wisdom和virtue。
不是上帝cause——
是人的选择。
3. Self-inflicted evils
从bad desires、habits、choices
原因:
Pursue bodily pleasures过度——
Ignore intellect的guidance。
迈蒙尼德认为:
第三种是最common——
多数suffering self-caused!
“Most evils that人experience=自己造成的。”
Providence(天命)
上帝care for individuals吗?
迈蒙尼德:
General providence(普遍天命)for all——
通过自然法则。
Individual providence(个别天命)=**
Proportional to intellectual perfection:
- 哲学家、先知:strong individual providence
- Ordinary people:主要general providence
- Animals:只有species providence,no individual
你的intellectual development=
You越接近上帝的knowledge——
You越在上帝’s providence之下。
这是meritocratic(唯贤)天命观——
Controversial(似乎说智者deserve更好待遇)。
与其他tradition比较
vs Ibn Sina(Avicenna)
Many similarities:
- Aristotelianism
- Active Intellect theory
- Prophecy as emanation
- Negative theology
Differences:
- 迈蒙尼德更cautious about metaphysics的可知性
- 更强调Torah’s authority
- Less Neoplatonic emanation scheme
vs Averroes
Similar contemporary(slightly younger)——
Both in Andalusia intellectual world。
Differences:
- Averroes更pure Aristotelian
- 迈蒙尼德more willing to部分reject Aristotle
- Averroes的double-truth tendency vs迈蒙尼德’s harmonization
vs Aquinas
Aquinas读迈蒙尼德(Latin translation)——
Influenced by him。
Similarities:
- Aristotelianism + revealed religion
- Natural law ethics
- Trying to reconcile faith和reason
Differences:
- Different revelations(Torah vs Gospel)
- 迈蒙尼德more negative theology
- Aquinas more optimistic about reason’s power
遗产
在犹太传统
Controversial in his lifetime——
Some rabbis condemned his rationalism——
But eventually accepted as greatest authority。
Influenced:
- All later Jewish philosophy
- Halakhic(犹太法)tradition
- Modern Jewish thought
13 Principles of Faith(13信条)——
迈蒙尼德formulated——
成为Jewish orthodoxy的核心。
在Christian world
通过Latin translations——
Influenced Scholastics:
- Albertus Magnus
- Thomas Aquinas
- Meister Eckhart
在现代
Spinoza批评他——
但also influenced by him。
现代Jewish philosophers不断return to迈蒙尼德:
- Hermann Cohen
- Leo Strauss
- Emmanuel Levinas
现代意义
1. 科学与宗教
迈蒙尼德’s approach:
当science(philosophy)和scripture似乎conflict——
Re-interpret scripture allegorically。
这是many modern religious thinkers的strategy:
Genesis creation story=allegorical——
Compatible with Big Bang、evolution。
但also有risk:
过度allegorizing→empty tradition of content?
2. 负面神学的relevance
说我们can’t positively describe上帝——
只能say what上帝isn’t——
This appeals to many today:
Avoids anthropomorphic(人格化)上帝——
But preserves transcendence。
但also challenge:
如果can’t say anything positive about上帝——
还有什么content to belief?
3. 理性的限制
迈蒙尼德recognize:
Reason有limits(如creation question)——
在limits处,faith can step in。
这不是anti-rational——
而是rational humility。
现代parallel:
Science有limits(如consciousness、origins of universe)——
这opens space for other approaches(但也可能for pseudo-science)。
4. Elitism vs accessibility
迈蒙尼德’s esotericism——
Deep truths for qualified few——
在民主时代problematic:
所有人应该equal access to truth?
还是真的有些truths需要preparation to understand?
实践
1. Via negativa练习
Instead of saying what上帝/ultimate reality是——
Try listing what it’s not:
- Not limited
- Not temporal
- Not material
- Not knowable through concepts
这shifts thinking from positive claims to humble unknowing。
2. Allegorical reading
When sacred texts似乎conflict with knowledge/ethics——
Before rejecting text或knowledge——
Consider:能allegorically interpret吗?
What deeper meaning可能in the story?
3. 追求intellectual perfection
迈蒙尼德说:
Intellectual development=spiritual path——
连接你与上帝。
这不是just academic——
是spiritual practice。
你的learning=devotion。
迷途者(perplexed)——
在reason和faith之间徘徊——
迈蒙尼德说:
不需要choose one——
Follow both to their limits——
You’ll find:
真正的reason leads to上帝——
真正的faith欢迎reason。
Guide不promise消除所有perplexity——
但show:
Perplexity本身can be
路径to deeper understanding。