三法印

法印(dharma seal)=佛教的signature teachings

Three marks that identify authentic佛法:

  1. 诸行无常(sabbe saṅkhārā aniccā)

    • All conditioned things are impermanent
  2. 诸法无我(sabbe dhammā anattā)

    • All phenomena are not-self
  3. 涅槃寂静(nibbāna paramaṃ sukhaṃ)

    • Nirvana is ultimate peace

(有时加第四:一切皆苦)

今天focus on前两个:无常和无我。

这是佛教最radical和challenging的teachings——

也是最liberating的。

无常(Anicca / Anitya)

“诸行无常,是生灭法;生灭灭已,寂灭为乐。”

一切conditioned phenomena都是impermanent——

它们arise(生),然后cease(灭)。

三种无常

1. Momentary impermanence(刹那生灭)

在最deep level:

一切在每一刹那都在变化——

没有任何东西持续两个连续的moments。

例:

  • 身体:cells constantly dying和regenerating
  • River:每一moment不同的水
  • Flame:每一刻different combustion

Heraclitus:“人不能两次踏入同一条河流。”

佛教:“一切都是过程(process),不是实体(substance)。”

2. Continuous impermanence(相续变化)

在everyday level:

事物gradually change over time——

  • 青春→衰老
  • 新鲜→腐烂
  • 繁荣→衰败

3. Discrete impermanence(间断无常)

Things come to end:

  • 生命→死亡
  • 关系→分离
  • 文明→崩溃

无常不是philosophical abstraction——

是observed reality。

为什么我们resist无常?

Psychological insight:

我们desire:

  • Permanence(持久)
  • Stability(稳定)
  • Security(安全)

但reality is:

  • Impermanent
  • Changing
  • Uncertain

Gap between desire和reality=suffering。

我们try to:

  • Hold on to pleasure(but it fades)
  • Avoid pain(but it comes)
  • Freeze good moments(but they pass)

All futile attempts to deny无常。

接受无常的智慧

佛教不是说:

“Everything is impermanent所以don’t care(nihilism)。”

而是:

“Everything is impermanent所以:

  1. Don’t cling(不执着)

    • Enjoy好时光,but don’t grasp
    • Appreciate now,because it won’t last
  2. Don’t fear change

    • Bad times also impermanent
    • 这也会过去(This too shall pass)
  3. Live fully in present

    • Since此刻unique且fleeting
    • Be here now

无常not=悲观——

=现实主义+liberation from false expectations。

无我(Anattā / Anātman)

更challenging teaching:

没有permanent, unchanging self(我)。

这是什么意思?

“我"是什么?

Common belief(常识):

There’s a “我”(self, soul, ātman)that:

  • Permanent(不变)
  • Independent(独立)
  • Essence(本质)
  • Controller(控制者)

例:

“我有身体”(implication:我≠身体)

“我的思想”(implication:我≠思想)

“我在控制我的life”

佛陀的analysis:

这个"我"在哪里?

五蕴分析

佛陀分析:

“Person”=五蕴(five aggregates)的组合:

  1. 色蕴(rūpa)=物质身体、物理form
  2. 受蕴(vedanā)=感受(pleasant/unpleasant/neutral)
  3. 想蕴(saññā/saṃjñā)=认知、perception
  4. 行蕴(saṅkhāra/saṃskāra)=意志、mental formations
  5. 识蕴(viññāṇa/vijñāna)=consciousness

Question:

“我"在这五个中哪一个?

1. 色(body)=我吗?

No,因为:

  • Body constantly changing(cells die/regenerate)
  • You say “my body”(implying你≠body)
  • Body can lose部分(leg),but you still exist

2. 受(feelings)=我吗?

No,因为:

  • Feelings come and go
  • You observe feelings(“I am sad”=I观察sadness)
  • Feelings not under full control

3. 想(perceptions)=我吗?

No,因为:

  • Perceptions change
  • Perceptions can be wrong(illusion)
  • You can observe perceptions

4. 行(mental formations)=我吗?

No,因为:

  • Thoughts/emotions arise without your control
  • They’re impermanent
  • You observe them(“I have a thought”)

5. 识(consciousness)=我吗?

No,因为:

  • Consciousness depends on conditions(senses+object)
  • Changes moment to moment
  • Consciousness of X≠consciousness of Y

结论:

没有一个蕴=permanent self。

“我”=五蕴的temporary combination——

像car=parts的combination。

When parts分散→no car。

When五蕴分散→no self。

Chariot analogy(车的比喻)

Famous Buddhist text《弥兰陀王问经》:

King问僧人:What’s your name?

僧人:Nagasena。

King:Is Nagasena your body?

僧人:No。

King:Your feelings?thoughts?consciousness?

僧人:No to all。

King:Then Nagasena doesn’t exist!

僧人:Consider your chariot——

Is chariot=wheels?

King:No。

僧人:=axle?=seat?=reins?

King:No to all。

僧人:Is chariot the combination of parts?

King:Yes!

僧人:So “chariot”=convenient designation(名称)for parts的arrangement。

Same with “Nagasena”——

Convenient designation for五蕴的temporary configuration。

No permanent essence called “Nagasena”。

无我的含义

不是说"you don’t exist”

Common misunderstanding:

“无我=you don’t exist=nihilism。”

佛教clarification:

You exist as:

  • Process(过程)
  • 五蕴的combination
  • Conventionally designated entity

But you don’t exist as:

  • Permanent substance
  • Unchanging soul
  • Independent essence

Example:

River exists(as process)——

But no permanent “River-essence”(substance)。

不是说"no responsibility”

Worry:

“如果无我,谁负责actions?

Can我说’that wasn’t me’?”

佛教response:

虽然no permanent self——

有karmic continuity(因果相续):

  • Your actions have consequences
  • Consequences affect this process(你)
  • So you still responsible

Like:

Flame burning down candle——

Flame每moment different——

But still continuous process。

Your action的后果→affect future"你”(though不是same permanent you)。

无我的心理学含义

Self-construction

现代psychology:

“Self"是construct(建构)——

  • Narrative we tell ourselves
  • Social roles we play
  • Identifications we make

这和佛教一致:

“我”=mental construction,not fixed reality。

Ego and suffering

Freud:ego=mediator between id和superego

佛教:strong ego-attachment=suffering的主要source

为什么?

Because:

  1. Ego defense

    • Any threat to self-image→anxiety
    • Constant need to protect ego
  2. Ego desire

    • Always wanting to enhance self
    • Never satisfied(no matter how much achieve)
  3. Ego separation

    • Feel separate from others
    • Loneliness、conflict

Letting go of固定self=liberation from these。

实存体验:坐忘vs无我

庄子:“坐忘”(sit and forget)

“堕肢体,黜聪明,离形去知,同于大通。”

佛教:“观五蕴皆空”

Both:

Through meditation,experience:

Dissolving of boundaries between self和world。

Not philosophical concept——

Direct experience of non-separation。

Mystical experience共通于:

  • 道家
  • 佛教
  • 某些基督教mysticism(如Eckhart)
  • Sufism

语言不同,experience similar:

Ego-dissolving,sense of unity。

无我vs西方哲学

Descartes:“我思故我在”

Descartes:

唯一certain thing=“I exist”——

因为即使我怀疑一切,

我不能怀疑我(怀疑者)exists。

佛教would say:

“Thinking"exists——

But no need for permanent “I” doing the thinking。

Just:思维过程(thinking process),no thinker needed。

Like:

“It rains”——

No “it” that rains,just raining。

“It thinks”——

No “I” that thinks,just thinking。

Hume:Bundle theory

David Hume(18世纪):

Looked for"self"through introspection——

Found:stream of perceptions,

But no “self"observing them。

“Self”=bundle of perceptions,nothing more。

这和佛教五蕴theory非常similar!

Hume可能independently discovered类似insight。

现代的无常与无我

1. Identity fluidity

现代:

人们increasingly recognize:

  • Identity is constructed
  • Gender is spectrum
  • Personality changes over life
  • We play different roles in different contexts

这validates佛教的无我:

No fixed, essential self。

2. Mindfulness运动

Mindfulness(正念)in西方:

Key practice=observe thoughts without identification:

“I am not my thoughts”——

Create distance between observer和observed。

这是无我的glimpse:

Thoughts arise,but no固定self thinking them。

3. 存在主义的共鸣

Sartre:“存在先于本质”(Existence precedes essence)

We’re not born with fixed essence——

We create ourselves through choices。

这和无我compatible:

No pre-existing self——

We’re constantly becoming。

无常与无我的Liberation

为什么这些teaching=liberating?

1. 减少执着

如果一切无常——

Clinging=futile→let go。

减少:

  • Attachment to possessions
  • Attachment to relationships(love them,but不possess)
  • Attachment to自己的观点

2. 减少自我中心

如果无我——

Ego’s importance减少。

减少:

  • Self-consciousness(担心别人怎么看我)
  • Ego competition(需要比别人强)
  • Defensive reactions(ego被威胁的反应)

3. 增加compassion

如果我们都no fixed self——

Boundaries between我和你blur。

增加:

  • Empathy(我们essentially same process)
  • Compassion(你的suffering=我的suffering)
  • Interconnection sense

批评与回应

批评1:消除个性?

“如果无我,我们都become same(无个性)?”

回应:

无我≠无个性(individuality)。

就像:

每条河流unique(different流向、速度)——

虽然都只是water flowing。

每个人unique configuration of五蕴——

虽然no permanent essence。

批评2:道德虚无?

“如果无我,why care about anything?”

回应:

无我actually increases compassion——

Because我们都interconnected。

伤害你=伤害myself(因为no real separation)。

批评3:不符合经验?

“我clearly experience myself as continuous person!”

回应:

Yes,continuity exists——

就像river has continuity(虽然water constantly changing)。

但continuity≠永恒不变的substance。

实践

1. 观察无常

Daily practice:

注意变化:

  • Breath(每个breath unique)
  • Thoughts(come and go)
  • Emotions(arise and pass)
  • Sensations(constantly shifting)

Meditation on无常。

2. 松开"我”

当你catch yourself saying:

“I am [X]"——

Pause。

Is this真的permanent “I”?

还是temporary identification?

试着observe X without完全identifying with it。

3. 死亡的思考

Buddhism:contemplation of death

不是morbid——

是reminder of impermanence。

Memento mori(记住你会死)——

Helps prioritize what matters。

4. 放下小的执着

练习letting go:

  • 一个possession
  • 一个opinion
  • 一个grudge

观察:

Letting go=loss还是liberation?

诸行无常,诸法无我——

Not depressing truths——

Liberating insights。

你执着于什么?

你认同为什么(I am X)?

如果这些dissolve——

你还是你吗?

还是你从来不是固定的你——

只是flowing process,

Ever-changing,

Interconnected with all?

这realization=

Beginning of freedom。